Synthesis and characterization of limestone-derived CaO powder catalyst and its effect on the physicochemical properties of Jatropha curcas biodiesel
Keywords:
CaO catalyst, Jatropha curcas, Density, Viscosity, TransesterificationAbstract
Jatropha curcas L. is a promising non-edible biodiesel feedstock in East Kalimantan, and heterogeneous catalysts such as calcium oxide (CaO) avoid the soap and wastewater problems of homogeneous bases. However, data on CaO prepared from local limestone and its effect on the physicochemical properties of J. curcas biodiesel are limited. Here, CaO was synthesized by calcining East Kalimantan limestone at 800 °C for 4 h and used for the transesterification of J. curcas oil with methanol (50–60 °C, 1.5 h) at loadings of 0–15 g (0–6.3 wt.%). X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the conversion of trigonal calcite (a = 4.991 Å, c = 17.068 Å) into cubic lime (Fm-3m, a = 4.812 Å). The kinematic viscosity, calculated from the measured dynamic viscosity and density, fell from 782.9 mm2/s without catalyst to a minimum of 158.7 mm2/s at 3 g CaO and remained higher at 6–15 g (190.5–263.7 mm2/s), while the density changed only slightly (0.958 to 0.945–0.948 g/cm3). The pH increased from 5 to 7. The yield remained constant at 97.76% at 6–12 g CaO, identifying this range as the optimum loading with respect to yield, and decreased to 97.48% at 15 g as excess CaO became suspended in the glycerol and soap layers. Density and viscosity remained above the SNI 7182:2015 ranges, indicating incomplete conversion. Limestone-derived CaO was therefore most effective at 3 g (≈ 1.3 wt.%) for viscosity and at 6–12 g (2.5–5.1 wt.%) for yield, but the reaction conditions require further optimization.
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