The consequence of workplace incivility among IT employees: Workplace stress or organizational citizenship behavior?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26555/humanitas.v19i1.6Keywords:
organization citizenship behavior, probabilistic orientation, workplace incivility, workplace stressAbstract
The impact of the work environment on employees has been well researched, with little focus on the pathways of such relationships. This study aimed to examine whether workplace incivility and personality predict workplace stress and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). The role of John Henryism (JH), Probabilistic Orientation (PO), work self-efficacy, and resilience on workplace stress and OCB was also explored. The data were collected through a survey using self-report measures of perception of fair interpersonal treatment in the workplace, workplace incivility, work self-efficacy, JH, PO, workplace stress, and OCB from 206 (M=120, F=86) employees from the IT industry, aged 22 to 42 (M=30.47, SD=5.60). Multiple regression analyses revealed that workplace incivility (from supervisor and client) positively predicted workplace stress. At the same time, coworker incivility did not predict workplace stress. On the contrary, workplace incivility (supervisor, coworker, and clients) did not predict OCB significantly. JH and work self-efficacy positively predicted OCB, while PO negatively predicted OCB. This research provides new directions for future research that workplace stress is predicted by supervisor and client incivility, and OCB is not predicted by workplace incivility.
References
Adams, G. A., & Webster, J. R. (2013). Emotional regulation as a mediator between interpersonal mistreatment and distress. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 22(6), 697–710. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2012.698057
American Institute of Stress. (1998). Workplace Stress Survey. https://www.stress.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Workplace-Stress-Survey.pdf
Andersson, L. M., & Pearson, C. M. (1999). Tit for Tat? The spiraling effect of incivility in the workplace. The Academy of Management Review, 24(3), 452–471. https://doi.org/10.2307/259136
Anfajaya, M. A., & Rahayu, A. (2020). The role of self-efficacy in organizational citizenship behavior. Proceedings of the 5th ASEAN Conference on Psychology, Counselling, and Humanities, 395, 108–111. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200120.024
Angner, E., Hullett, S., & Allison, J. J. (2011). "I’ll die with the hammer in my hand”: John Henryism as a predictor of happiness. Journal of Economic Psychology, 32(3), 357–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2011.01.002
Annalakshmi, N. (2004). Intervention for cancer patients through integral psychotherapy. In K. Joshi & M. Cornelisen (Eds.), History of science, philosophy and culture in Indian civilization (Vol. XI, pp. 444–460). Munshiram publishers.
Annalakshmi, N. (2009). Bharathiar University Resilience Scale. In P. Harish & W. Ajay (Eds). Research methodology tools and techniques (pp. 105–121). Sree Publishers.
Annalakshmi, N. (2020). Ego-resiliency, probabilistic orientation, and self-efficacy. In S. Subramanian., S. J. M. Raj., A, Velayudhan., & N. Annalakshmi (Eds.). The recent trends in psychology (pp. 17–31). Garuda Publisher.
Annalakshmi, N. (2021). Probabilistic orientation and 'sailing through’ therapy. Indian Journal of Clinical Psychology, 48(2), 100–111.
Antoniou, A., Polychroni, F., & Vlachakis, A. (2006). Gender and age differences in occupational stress and professional burnout between primary and high‐school teachers in Greece. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(7), 682–690. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940610690213
Avallone, F., Pepe, S., Porcelli, R., & Farnese, M. L. (2007). Autoefficacia percepita nella ricerca del lavoro: scale di misura. Isfol, Bisogni, valori e autoefficacia nella scelta del lavoro. Roma: ISFOL, 133-142.
Badran, M. A., & Kafafy, J. H. (2008). The effect of job redesign on job satisfaction, resilience, commitment, and flexibility: The case of an Egyptian public sector bank. International Journal of Business Research, 8(3), 27–41.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. W. H. Freeman.
Beattie, L., & Griffin, B. (2014). Day-level fluctuations in stress and engagement in response to workplace incivility: A diary study. Work and Stress, 28(2), 124–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2014.898712
Beauregard, T. A. (2012). Perfectionism, self‐efficacy and OCB: The moderating role of gender. Personnel Review, 41(5), 590–608. https://doi.org/10.1108/00483481211249120
Bezek, E. (2010). Gender differences in resilience in the emerging adulthood population. [Master Thesis, Rochester Institute of Technology]. New York.
Blau, G., & Andersson, L. (2005). Testing a measure of instigated workplace incivility. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78(4), 595–614. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317905x26822
Cameron, A., & Webster, J. (2011). Relational outcomes of multicommunicating: Integrating incivility and social exchange perspectives. Organization Science, 22(3), 754–771. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1100.0540
Carlton, B. S., Goebert, D. A., Miyamoto, R. H., Andrade, N. N., Hishinuma, E. S., Makini, G. K., Yuen, N. Y., Bell, C. K., McCubbin, L. D., Else, ’. R., & Nishimura, S. T. (2006). Resilience, family adversity and wellbeing among Hawaiian and Non-Hawaiian adolescents. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 52(4), 291–308. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764006065136
Caverley, N. (2005). Civil service resilience and coping. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 18(5), 410–413.
Chemers, M. M., Hu, L., & Garcia, B. F. (2001). Academic self-efficacy and first-year college student performance and adjustment. Journal of Educational Psychology, 93(1), 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.93.1.55
Chen, G., Goddard, T. G., & Casper, W. J. (2004). Examination of the relationships among general and work-specific self-evaluations, work-related control beliefs, and job attitudes. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 53(3), 349–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2004.00175.x
Clay, R. (2013). That’s just rude. American Psychological Association, 44(10), 34.
Cortina, L. M., Kabat-Farr, D., Leskinen, E. A., Huerta, M., & Magley, V. J. (2013). Selective incivility as modern discrimination in organizations: Evidence and impact. Journal of Management, 39(6), 1579–1605. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311418835
Cortina, L. M., Magley, V. J., Williams, J. H., & Langhout, R. D. (2001). Incivility in the workplace: Incidence and impact. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6(1), 64–80. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.6.1.64
D’Cruz, P., & Rayner, C. (2012). Bullying in the Indian workplace: A study of the ITES-BPO sector. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 34(4), 597–619. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143831x12452672
Dijk, M. (2009, September). Employee self-efficacy and job stress during organizational change: The mediating effect of risk perception. [Master Thesis, University of Twente]. Utrecht.]. https://essay.utwente.nl/60540/1/MSc_Dijk,_M._van.pdf
Donovan, M. A., Drasgow, F., & Munson, L. J. (1998). The perceptions of fair interpersonal treatment scale: Development and validation of a measure of interpersonal treatment in the workplace. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(5), 683–692. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.83.5.683
Dressler, W. W., Bindon, J. R., & Neggers, Y. H. (1998). John Henryism, gender, and arterial blood pressure in an African American community. Psychosomatic Medicine, 60(5), 620–624. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-199809000-00019
El-Azzab, S. E. H. I., Hassan, I., & Alam, M. (2019). Work related stress, burnout and self-efficacy among psychiatric nurses. International Journal of Novel Research in Healthcare and Nursing, 62(2), 729–744. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.33523.48161
Erdogan, E., Ozdogan, O., & Erdogan, M. (2015). University students’ resilience level: The effect of gender and faculty. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 186, 1262–1267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.047
Fox, S., Spector, P. E., Goh, A., Bruursema, K., & Kessler, S. R. (2011). The deviant citizen: Measuring potential positive relations between counterproductive work behaviour and organizational citizenship behaviour. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 85(1), 199–220. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.2011.02032.x
Gabriel, A. S., Butts, M. M., Yuan, Z., Rosen, R. L., & Sliter, M. T. (2018). Further understanding incivility in the workplace: The effects of gender, agency, and Communion. Journal of Applied Psychology, 103(4), 362–382. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000289
Geller, P. A., & Hobfoll, S. E. (1994). Gender differences in job stress, tedium, and social support in the workplace. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 11(4), 555–572. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407594114004
Grau, R., Salanova, M., & Peiró, J. (2000). Moderator effects of self-efficacy on occupational stress. Apuntes de Psicología, 18(1), 57–75.
Greitemeyer, T., & Rudolph, U. (2003). Help giving and aggression from an attributional perspective: Why and when we help or retaliate. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33(5), 1069–1087. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb01939.x
Hirani, S., Lasiuk, G., & Hegadoren, K. (2016). The intersection of gender and resilience. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 23(6–7), 455–467. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12313
Hu, L., & Liu, Y. (2017). Abuse for status: A social dominance perspective of abusive supervision. Human Resource Management Review, 27(2), 328–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2016.06.002
Hurst, J., Leberman, S., & Edwards, M. (2017). The career impacts of women managing women. Australian Journal of Management, 43(1), 132–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/0312896217701981
James, S. A. (1994). John Henryism and the health of African-Americans. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 18(2), 163–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01379448
James, S. A., Hartnett, S. A., & Kalsbeek, W. D. (1983). John Henryism and blood pressure differences among Black men. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 6(3), 259–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01315113
Jawahar, I., & Schreurs, B. (2018). Supervisor incivility and how it affects subordinates’ performance: A matter of trust. Personnel Review, 47(3), 709–726. https://doi.org/10.1108/pr-01-2017-0022
Jiménez, P., Dunkl, A., & Peißl, S. (2015). Workplace incivility and its effects on value congruence, recovery-stress-state and the intention to quit. Psychology, 06(14), 1930–1939. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2015.614190
Kim, H., & Qu, H. (2018). The effects of experienced customer incivility on employees’ behavior toward customers and coworkers. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 43(1), 58–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348018764583
Kramer, N. M., Johnson, N. L., & Johnson, D. M. (2015). Is John Henryism a resilience factor in women experiencing intimate partner violence? Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 28(6), 601–616. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2014.1000879
Lilly, J. D., & Virick, M. (2013). Coping mechanisms as antecedents of justice and organization citizenship behaviors: A multi-focal perspective of the social exchange relationship. Current Psychology, 32(2), 150–167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-013-9172-7
Lim, S., & Cortina, L. M. (2005). Interpersonal mistreatment in the workplace: The interface and impact of general incivility and sexual harassment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(3), 483–496. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.3.483
Lim, S., Cortina, L. M., & Magley, V. J. (2008). Personal and workgroup incivility: Impact on work and health outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(1), 95–107. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.95
Lim, S., & Lee, A. (2011). Work and nonwork outcomes of workplace incivility: Does family support help? Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16(1), 95–111. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021726
Liu, C.-E., Chen, Y., He, W., & Huang, J. (2019). Supervisor incivility and millennial employee creativity: A moderated mediation model. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 47(9), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.8365
Loosemore, M., & Waters, T. (2004). Gender differences in occupational stress among professionals in the construction industry. Journal of Management in Engineering, 20(3), 126–132. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0742-597x(2004)20:3(126)
Mao, C., Chang, C.-H., Johnson, R. E., & Sun, J. (2019). Incivility and employee performance, citizenship, and counterproductive behaviors: Implications of the social context. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 24(2), 213–227. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000108
Masten, A. S. (2013). Global perspectives on resilience in children and youth. Child Development, 85(1), 6–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12205
Michael, G., Anastasios, S., Helen, K., Catherine, K., & Christine, K. (2009). Gender differences in experiencing occupational stress: The role of age, education, and marital status. Stress and Health, 25(5), 397–404. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1248
Moorman, R. H. (1991). Relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behaviors: Do fairness perceptions influence employee citizenship? Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(6), 845–855. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.76.6.845
Mujahid, M. S., James, S. A., Kaplan, G. A., & Salonen, J. T. (2017). Socioeconomic position, John Henryism, and incidence of acute myocardial infarction in Finnish men. Social Science & Medicine, 173, 54–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.11.034
Na-Nan, K., Kanthong, S., & Joungtrakul, J. (2021). An empirical study on the model of self-efficacy and organizational citizenship behavior transmitted through employee engagement, organizational commitment and job satisfaction in the Thai automobile parts manufacturing industry. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 7(3), 170–188. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7030170
Narayanan, S. (1977). Probabilistic orientation and social change. Paper presented at the Seminar on Rural Development, Department of Social Work, Sri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya Arts College, Coimbatore.
Narayanan, S., Venkatapathy, R., & Govindarasu, S. (1984). Locus of Control and Probabilistic Orientation. Psychological Studies, 29(1), 68–70.
Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behavior - The good soldier syndrome (1st ed.). Lexington Books.
Organ, D. W. (1990). The motivational basis of organizational citizen ship behavior. In B. M. Staw, & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (pp. 43–72). CT: JAI Press.
Paul, H., Bamel, U. K., & Garg, P. (2016). Employee resilience and OCB: Mediating effects of organizational commitment. Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers, 41(4), 308–324. https://doi.org/10.1177/0256090916672765
Pearson, C. M., Andersson, L. M., & Porath, C. L. (2000). Assessing and attacking workplace incivility. Organizational Dynamics, 29(2), 123–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0090-2616(00)00019-x
Pearson, C., & Porath, C. (2009). The cost of bad behavior: How incivility is damaging your business and what to do about it. Penguin Books Ltd.
Pintrich, P. R., & De Groot, E. V. (1990). Motivational and self-regulated learning components of classroom academic performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82(1), 33–40. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.82.1.33
Porath, C. L., & Erez, A. (2007). Does rudeness really matter? The effects of rudeness on task performance and helpfulness. Academy of Management Journal, 50(5), 1181–1197. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2007.20159919
Porath, C. L., & Erez, A. (2009). Overlooked but not untouched: How rudeness reduces onlookers’ performance on routine and creative tasks. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 109(1), 29–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2009.01.003
Portnoy, G. A., Relyea, M. R., Decker, S., Shamaskin‐Garroway, A., Driscoll, M., Brandt, C. A., & Haskell, S. G. (2018). Understanding gender differences in resilience among veterans: Trauma history and social ecology. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 31(6), 845–855. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22341
Prahara, S. A., & Indriani, N. (2019). Employees: Occupational self-efficacy and work stress. Journal of Psychology and Instruction, 3(3), 91–96.
Pratiwi, L. A., & Nawangsari, L. C. (2021). Organizational citizenship behavior while mediating self-efficacy, servant leadership and organization culture on employee performance. European Journal of Business and Management Research, 6(1), 225–231. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2021.6.1.713
Priya, D. (1997). A study of mental health among college students in relation to I-E locus of control and probabilistic orientation [Master thesis, Bharathiar University]. Coimbatore.
Reich, T. C., & .Hershcovis, M. S. (2015). Observing workplace incivility. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(1), 203–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036464
Reio, T. G., J., & Sanders-Reio, J. (2011). Thinking about workplace engagement: Does supervisor and coworker incivility really matter? Advances in Developing Human Resources, 13(4), 462–478. https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422311430784
Rhee, S. Y., Hur, W. M., & Kim, M. (2017). The relationship of coworker incivility to job performance and the moderating role of self-efficacy and compassion at work: The Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) approach. Journal of Business and Psychology, 32(6), 711–726. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-016-9469-2
Rivera-Torres, P., Araque-Padilla, R. A., & Montero-Simó, M. J. (2013). Job stress across gender: The importance of emotional and intellectual demands and social support in women. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(1), 375–389. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10010375
Royle, M. T., Hall, A. T., Hochwarter, W. A., Perrewé, P. L., & Ferris, G. R. (2005). The interactive effects of accountability and job self-efficacy on organizational citizenship behavior and political behavior. Organizational Analysis, 13(1), 53–71.
Sari, A. D. K., & Wahyuni, S. (2019). Effect of employee resilience against OCB: The role of organizational commitment mediation. International Journal of Education and Social Science Research, 2(6), 27–38.
Schilpzand, P., De Pater, I. E., & Erez, A. (2016). Workplace incivility: A review of the literature and agenda for future research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37, S57–S88. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1976
Shabir, M., Abrar, M., Baig, S. A., & Javed, M. (2014). The contribution of workplace incivility and psychological capital toward job stress. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 4(2), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v4i2.5786
Shahidi, N., Shamsnia, S. A., & Baezat, S. (2015). Studying the relationship between self-efficacy and organizational citizenship behavior (case study: Islamic Azad University – Zone 1). International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, 9(9), 1499–1503.
Sliter, M., Jex, S., Wolford, K., & McInnerney, J. (2010). How rude! Emotional labor as a mediator between customer incivility and employee outcomes. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 15(4), 468–481. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020723
Smith, A. E., Hassan, S., Hatmaker, D. M., DeHart-Davis, L., & Humphrey, N. (2021). Gender, race, and experiences of workplace incivility in public organizations. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 41(4), 674–699. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X20927760
Soo, H. S., & Ali, H. (2017). Can stressed employees perform organizational citizenship behavior? Journal of Advanced Management Science, 5(2), 121–126. https://doi.org/10.18178/joams.5.2.121-126
Taylor, S. G., Bedeian, A. G., & Kluemper, D. H. (2011). Linking workplace incivility to citizenship performance: The combined effects of affective commitment and conscientiousness. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(7), 878–893. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.773
Tiềt, Q. Q., & Huizinga, D. (2002). Dimensions of the construct of resilience and adaptation among inner-city youth. Journal of Adolescent Research, 17(3), 260–276. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558402173003
Torkelson, E., Holm, K., Bäckström, M., & Schad, E. (2016). Factors contributing to the perpetration of workplace incivility: the importance of organizational aspects and experiencing incivility from others. Work and Stress, 30(2), 115–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2016.1175524
Turnipseed, D. (1996). Organization citizenship behaviour: An examination of the influence of the workplace. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 17(2), 42–47. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437739610111222
Usha, P. G. (2005). Probabilistic orientation and stress tolerance. [Master dissertation, Bharathiar University]. Coimbatore.
Van Loon, A. J. M., Tijhuis, M., Surtees, P. G., & Ormel, J. (2001). Personality and coping: Their relationship with lifestyle risk factors for cancer. Personality and Individual Differences, 31(4), 541–553. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00158-6
Wilson, N. L., & Holmvall, C. M. (2013). The development and validation of the incivility from customers scale. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 18(3), 310–326. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032753
Yeung, A., & Griffin, B. (2008). Workplace incivility: Does matter in Asia? People & Strategy, 31(3), 14–19.
Young, K. A., Hassan, S., & Hatmaker, D. M. (2021). Towards understanding workplace incivility: gender, ethical leadership and personal control. Public Management Review, 23(1), 31–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2019.1665701
Zaki, R. A. (2016). Job stress and self- efficacy among psychiatric nursing working in mental health hospitals at Cairo , Egypt. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(20), 103–113.
Zellars, K. L., Tepper, B. J., & Duffy, M. K. (2002). Abusive supervision and subordinates’ organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(6), 1068–1076. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.6.1068
Zhang, S., Ma, C., Meng, D., Shi, Y., Xie, F., Wang, J., Dong, X., Liu, J., Cang, S., & Sun, T. (2018). Impact of workplace incivility in hospitals on the work ability, career expectations and job performance of Chinese nurses: A cross-sectional survey. BMJ Open, 8(12). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021874
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Annalakshmi Narayanan, Philip Roshni, Sanjay Abhirami, Pant Udita
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
