Indonesian Journal of Chemical Engineering

The Effect of Adding Bread Yeast, Tempeh Yeast, and Tape Yeast on The Process of Making VCO from Coconut

Alexander Maruli Tua Sinaga — 2024-02-02

Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is one of Indonesia's agricultural products with potential. The most valuable coconut product is coconut oil, which can be obtained from the flesh of fresh coconuts or from copra. Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) or pure coconut oil is the result of processing from the coconut plant in the form of a clear liquid with a distinctive coconut smell and has a long shelf life. Pure coconut oil or VCO has many benefits for body health, such as natural antibacterial, antiviral, anti-fungal and anti-protozoal properties. This study aims to compare the effect of tempe yeast, bread yeast, tape yeast, and without yeast on variations in the ratio of grated coconut and water (1: 1; 1:1,5; 1:2), on the amount of VCO produced. The experiment was carried out again and then the average volume of VCO produced by each yeast was taken. The average VCO results obtained ratio 1:1 were 209.5 ml for adding bread yeast, 153.5 ml for not using yeast, and 150.5 ml for adding tempeh yeast. Meanwhile, adding tape yeast produce the smallest yield 89 ml . Based on the ratio of grated coconut and water (1 kg: 1 liter) the optimum yield is 1:1. While the minimum yield is 1:1,5 ratio. The most VCO obtained is by adding baker's yeast to thick coconut milk in the second fermentation process. The order of highest yield based on the addition of yeast is bread yeast, tempeh yeast, and tape yeast. The yield of VCO yeast tempeh was slightly better than the yield without adding yeast. The organoleptic results and some of the VCO test results based on SNI 7783-2008 have fulfilled the specified requirements.

Heavy Metal Phytoremediation: Plant Hyperaccumulators and Clean Strategies for the Environment

Nurmustaqimah — 2024-02-02

Increasing urbanization and industrialization have led to serious heavy metal pollution problems, detrimental to the environment and human health. Phytoremediation, which utilizes hyperaccumulator plants such as Indian mustard and water hyacinth, presents an efficient and sustainable alternative. Despite having the advantages of low cost and utilization of renewable natural resources, phytoremediation also carries risks, such as contamination of consumable plant parts and limited efficiency. Therefore, selecting the right hyperaccumulator plants and having an in-depth understanding of phytoremediation mechanisms are the keys to increasing their success. Phytoremediation mechanisms, such as phytoextraction, hemofiltration, and phytostabilization, can be implemented by considering environmental conditions and contaminants. Factors such as the nature of the medium, root zone, and environmental conditions play a crucial role in determining the effectiveness of phytoremediation. Although challenges still exist, phytoremediation remains a promising approach to treating heavy metal pollution in an economical and environmentally friendly manner.

Analysis water content of Seawater Desalination Technology by Using Multistage Distillation

Sofyan Hadi — 2024-01-31

Desalination technology, which has been the most widely utilized method of meeting the requirement for clean water for the past 50 years, can be employed in attempts to use seawater. The purpose of this study is to ascertain how variations in the composition of distilled water are affected by the multistage distillation of seawater from Cemara Sewu Beach, Bantul, Yogyakarta. LPG gas is used as fuel to heat sea water during the distillation process. To obtain distilled water, the seawater vapor is then condensed. Subsequently, the distillation procedure is executed in three phases, with every phase being evaluated using the distilled water. The overall CaCO3 hardness level in the first stage of distilled water is still high, thus it does not exceed clean water quality criteria. Meanwhile, in the second and third stages, there are two parameters, namely pH and total hardness level, which do not meet the clean water requirements. In general, the first stage of distilled water is sufficient to be processed into clean water with the addition of water hardness treatment. Repeated distillation has a tendency to reduce pH, total hardness, TDS, fluoride, nitrate and detergent.

A Review: Analysis Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) of Heavy Metal Content in Crude Palm Oil

Veranica — 2024-01-31

Indonesia, the world's largest producer of crude palm oil (CPO), turns its oil through a series of refinement processes that include degumming, bleaching, and deodorization before it is used as cooking oil. Still, heavy metals are the main focus of CPO research. Elements known as heavy metals can have harmful effects on the human body, even in small doses. Making sure the amount of metal in CPO doesn't go over the limit is crucial. To find out how much this ingredient contributes to the heavy metal contamination in crude palm oil, more research is required. The CPO refining process is carried out with the aim of reducing free fatty acids and removing dirt or metals dissolved in CPO, which can affect the quality of cooking oil. AAS can detect metals in small amounts and provide analytical differences of up to 0.006 mg/kg.

Study of Ethylene 1-Hexene Addition on Elongation, Tensile Strength and Cling Values of Stretch Wrap Plastics

Yoga Nawaki Helmi Mustafa — 2024-01-31

Stretch wrap plastic is a very important packaging material on a variety of scales. It provides flexibility, strength, and transparency that make it indispensable for packaging goods efficiently. This research aims to investigate the effect of stretch wrap plastic thickness on its mechanical properties and analyze the impact of ethylene 1-hexene addition on these properties. The research was conducted using stretch wrap plastic samples made from linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) with varying thickness and percentage of ethylene 1-hexene addition. The test method involved elongation, tensile strength, and cling testing using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM). The results showed that the thickness of stretch wrap plastic affects its mechanical properties. The thicker the plastic, the higher the elongation and tensile strength values, while the stickiness tends to decrease. The optimal thickness of stretch wrap plastic is 20 µm. The addition of ethylene 1-hexene also has a positive effect on the elongation and tensile strength properties, with the optimal percentage of addition at 55% with respect to components such as density and melt index